Is Climate(change) Science Settled?
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Started by metmike - Feb. 22, 2020, 6:04 p.m.

I made a comment at WUWT earlier today and decided to turn it into another enlightening fake climate crisis thread here.

WUWT is loaded with a wide range of skeptical views and articles. Some are biased but most provide rock solid facts and data, often using authentic observations/empirical data to support the points.

I have linked to dozens of their articles in the past and would recommend it as the BEST source for information that you will never see at CNN, the NYT or most MSM sources......even though its the truth.

I am not a republican and I'm a practicing environmentalist.......outraged that we are flushing all of our money/resources down the toilet fighting the best thing that humans have ever done for the planet.............rescuing it from seriously/damaging low levels of beneficial CO2. 

Plants were suffering in a very low/adverse CO2 environment over 100 years ago. 


https://wattsupwiththat.com/2020/02/22/study-a-quarter-of-climate-denier-tweets-are-bots/

We've been hearing that this is "Settled Science" for 2 decades and 97% of climate scientists agree.

Let's see how that holds up and compare it to real settled science.

Here's a good one.........the law of physics that allow us to determine mass, weight and gravity:   Fg = G (m1 ∙ m2) / r2
So weight= mass of an object  X acceleration of gravity.
At the Earth's surface, where g=9.8 m/s2, a persons weight.

Turns out, that a person at the North/South Pole weighs around 1% more than at the equator because of being closer to the center of gravity for our planet, which has a force of 9.863 m/s2 (times your mass at the poles to get weight) vs just  9.764 m/s2 (times your mass to get weight) at the equator. There is a slight negative affect in the opposite direction of the force of gravity at the equator because of the KNOWN centrifugal force from the rotating planet which is dialed in to that number.

We can use that and make a prediction that a person who weighs 99 lbs at the equator will weigh around 100 lbs at the poles. If you do an experiment that  predicts that stuff at the poles will weigh around 1% more based on this principle of physics, then weigh 1,000 things  at the poles, then weigh them at the equator,  1,000 of those 1,000 measurements will solidly confirm this settled science with EMPIRICAL DATA.

This is probably an excessively high standard to hold climate science to with regards to being settled science but settled science means that its irrefutable and has been proven, not modeled with speculative theories but proven with EMPIRICAL DATA.

Very few legit people of science would argue with the known physics of CO2 and its ability to warm the earth. This is not disputed. It's the amount of warming and affects on the planet/life that are disputed........by the skeptic side. While the other side brings out the "settled science" response to support its position about all the really bad things that will happen but without the authentic EMPIRICAL DATA.

Note that we were able to correctly predict the weights of stuff using the settled science in the earlier example...........confirming. Those insisting on the climate crisis have made dozens of predictions for over 30 years, which we can use to see if this really is settled science(verified with empirical data).
I'll just use one example here that goes back decades but represents the same deleterious things that we have been told constantly would affect polar bears, humans, crops and many other things.

U.N. Predicts Disaster if Global Warming Not Checked
June 29, 1989

https://apnews.com/bd45c372caf118ec99964ea547880cd0

   UNITED NATIONS (AP) _ A senior U.N. environmental official says entire nations could be wiped off the face of the Earth by rising sea levels if the global warming trend is not reversed by the year 2000. 

   Coastal flooding and crop failures would create an exodus of ″eco- refugees,′ ′ threatening political chaos, said Noel Brown, director of the New York office of the U.N. Environment Program, or UNEP. 

   He said governments have a 10-year window of opportunity to solve the greenhouse effect before it goes beyond human control. 

   As the warming melts polar icecaps, ocean levels will rise by up to three feet, enough to cover the Maldives and other flat island nations, Brown told The Associated Press in an interview on Wednesday. 

   Coastal regions will be inundated; one-sixth of Bangladesh could be flooded, displacing a fourth of its 90 million people. A fifth of Egypt’s arable land in the Nile Delta would be flooded, cutting off its food supply, according to a joint UNEP and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency study. 

   ″Ecological refugees will become a major concern, and what’s worse is you may find that people can move to drier ground, but the soils and the natural resources may not support life. Africa doesn’t have to worry about land, but would you want to live in the Sahara?″ he said. 

   UNEP estimates it would cost the United States at least $100 billion to protect its east coast alone. 

   Shifting climate patterns would bring back 1930s Dust Bowl conditions to Canadian and U.S. wheatlands"



metmike: Ironically, not only did none of those predictions verify, in many cases, like with crop yields, the complete opposite happened. And not despite climate change but exactly because of climate change and the benefits that were measure by EMPIRICAL DATA, that defied the models and predictions. They were the result of global warming, the best weather/climate for life in the last 1,000 years and increase in CO2...........all of which have EMPIRICAL DATA to prove it.

Comments
By metmike - Feb. 22, 2020, 6:08 p.m.
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Supposedly, today's settled science has also identified CO2 as a pollutant. Often referred to as "carbon" pollution(though carbon is a solid and CO2 is a gas).

Hmmm. Let's  see how that stacks up compared to a known law of settled science that uses the authentic role of CO2 for life on this planet.  Photosynthesis.

We all learned this one in grade school science/biology. Plants take:
Sun(light) + H2O + Minerals + CO2  and convert to O2 + Food(sugars)

Can it be that Sun + H2O + Minerals +CO2 POLLUTION = O2 + Food +CLIMATE APOCALYPSE?  This is the "settled science" we are being sold.

Again, the observations/EMPIRICAL DATA show the complete opposite.

https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/carbon-dioxide-fertilization-greening-earth

Carbon Dioxide Fertilization Greening Earth, Study Finds

                   

      

From a quarter to half of Earth’s vegetated lands has shown significant greening over the last 35 years largely due to rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, according to a new study published in the journal Nature Climate Change on April 25.

An international team of 32 authors from 24 institutions in eight countries led the effort, which involved using satellite data from NASA’s Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer instruments to help determine the leaf area index, or amount of leaf cover, over the planet’s vegetated regions. The greening represents an increase in leaves on plants and trees equivalent in area to two times the continental United States.

globe of Earth from North Pole perspectiveThis image shows the change in leaf area across the globe from 1982-2015.Credits: Boston University/R. Myneni

Green leaves use energy from sunlight through photosynthesis to chemically combine carbon dioxide drawn in from the air with water and nutrients tapped from the ground to produce sugars, which are the main source of food, fiber and fuel for life on Earth. Studies have shown that increased concentrations of carbon dioxide increase photosynthesis, spurring plant growth.


https://www.marketforum.com/forum/topic/47705/

The scientists have now established the planet is greener than it has been in the early 1980s. Forecast up until the year 2100 show the planet will likely become even greener.

Global warming: Greening forecast until 2100

Global warming: Greening is expected to carry on until the end of the century (Image: SHILONG P et al.)



How can this be a climate crisis for life, when the planet is greening up so fast based on EMPIRICAL DATA and most life is flourishing?

By metmike - Feb. 22, 2020, 6:16 p.m.
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60 years ago, the position of SETTLED SCIENCE was that warmer global temperatures were beneficial to life and 2+ degrees warmer was referred to by 97% of scientists as a climate OPTIMUM.


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene_climatic_optimum


"Out of 140 sites across the western Arctic, there is clear evidence for conditions warmer than now at 120 sites. At 16 sites, where quantitative estimates have been obtained, local HTM temperatures were on average 1.6±0.8 °C higher than now.  Northwestern North America had peak warmth first, from 11,000 to 9,000 years ago, and the Laurentide Ice Sheet still chilled the continent.  Northeastern North America experienced peak warming 4,000 years later. Along the Arctic Coastal Plain in Alaska, there are indications of summer temperatures 2–3 °C warmer than present.[5] Research indicates that the Arctic had less sea ice than the present."


metmike:
What changed in 60 years? Settled science can't change by definition.  Know that todays greatest warming, like the event above from 5,000+ years ago,  is taking place in the coldest places during the coldest times of year.  Scientists who knew that global warming was beneficial to our planet 60 years ago based on EMPIRICAL DATA of the past (Medieval/Roman/Minoan Warm Periods) did not make some profound paleoclimatology discoveries since then that caused them to see the past differently.

What changed is that climate science was hijacked on a massive scale and used to promote a political agenda that has ZERO to do with climate.

People that don't believe that cannot explain the EMPIRICAL DATA which is evidence.  This planet and life on it has entered the start of a new climate optimum.  The observations prove it.

When we don't do exactly what they say must be done to save the planet,,,,,,,we will NOt stop getting most of our energy from fossil fuels.....and the deadline For the planets apocalypse passes......authentic settled science, with near certainty will feature a greener planet and most life doing better. Same thing all the way past the year 2100.

Higher CO2, warmer temperatures...........greener planet. Authentic settled science.

Will there be some negative consequences as we get warmer and warmer? Sure but they won't exceed the positives FOR LIFE until we get to around +4 deg. C.
Humans will have some increasing issues prior to that, maybe +2 deg. C  is the break even point in 2100 but if our main concern is for the planet.........all the EMPIRICAL DATA is telling us that it wants much more CO2 and warmer temperatures.

By metmike - Feb. 22, 2020, 6:43 p.m.
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One of the tricks in being able to sell this fake climate crisis/emergency/apocalypse has been to market it with fake altruistic motives. 

We must save the planet...........for our children............for all the creatures. It's an existential threat............and a dozen more fake narratives:

This works because people hear a message that is coming from sources that appear to be wanting something that can only be interpreted as a good thing. 

Who could possibly be against saving the planet?  

Yeah, the evil climate deniers like me.

See how it works?  They portray people like me as the villains (ironically for telling the truth about the climate and their motives) accusing us of being big oil shills and anti environmentalists.

Actually, besides being an atmospheric scientist for 38 years, I have also been a PRACTICING environmentalist.........that conserves natural resources and minimizes real pollution.

One of the most frequently asked questions that I get is:

Mike, why would they be doing this and how can the entire world be in on it?


Here is why..............a post of mine from another thread:

In 50 years....... probably much sooner than that, the world will look back at this time frame and the topic of the fake climate crisis and get the same impression we do today at the medical procedure called “blood letting” by physicians hundreds of years ago.

Medical ignorance/a lack of understanding about what causes illness’s as well as appreciating the profound value/benefits of what blood supplies to our bodies were a couple of reasons for this.

In this age, we have understood the benefits of increasing CO2 and global warming for over a century. We are measuring a massively greening planet with most life doing well from the best weather/climate in the last 1,000 years(the last time that it was this warm).

The coldest places, at the coldest times of year are warming the most………..similar to the Holocene Climate OPTIMUM from 9,000 to 5,000 years ago.
Temperatures in the Arctic during that time frame were several degrees warmer than they are now and there was less ice than what is there currently.

If we went back to 60 years ago, when all of science knew those warmer conditions were optimal for life and asked scientists then,  if our planet’s ideal temperature should be  warmer or colder than the temperature in 1960, probably 97% would have said with confidence WARMER!

That’s why they called it the “Holocene Climate OPTIMUM” not the Holocene Climate CRISIS” or the “Holocene Climate EMERGENCY”.

So climate science had already advanced enough, many decades ago to know that we are currently on the cusp of enjoying another climate OPTIMUM for life on this greening planet.

So, in 50 years when they look back at this age, people will not think “oh, climate science had not advanced far enough for them to understand important things, which caused them to call a climate optimum a climate emergency. 

Authentic climate science had already advanced far enough to know this more than 60 years ago and in fact, for hundreds of years prior to that!

What they will be amazed at is how climate science was hijacked for a political agenda………on a global scale. With world governments, many scientists, the media and others playing a key role as gatekeepers of information to sell a model manufactured global climate  projection based on a speculative theory but sold as “settled science” as in, almost as sure as gravity. 

A time when empirical data/observations and anything that contradicted model projections was rejected for policy making. 

A time when top scientists who questioned the theory were condemned and labelled as deniers. 

When the MSM made an intentional effort to use many extreme weather events(most that have always happened in the past) as examples of the fake climate crisis.

When we were told that the increase in beneficial CO2 and warming was going to destroy the greening planet in 12 years. 

When they used an anti science spewing 16 year old high priestess,  saying insane, easy to verify as false statements to recruit young people into the climate crisis religious cult……………by using very scary words, expressed convincingly with her unique charismatic  style. 

Education about authentic climate science went backwards. Climate change and human caused climate change were synonymous. Used and even taught interchangeably because the natural cycles of authentic climate science got in the way of the agenda.

This is what they will attribute it to:

1. A push for Global socialism.
2. Huge funding for scientists.
3.  Massive funding for green projects.
4. Massive revenue for governments via carbon tax schemes and
5. Via lobby money to politicians for green projects.
6.  Increased ratings by sensationalizing the weather for the media as well as imposing the progressive activists (dominating journalism) belief system on to millions that watch/read the stories.
7. Reigning in the over consumption of natural resources of developed countries-especially the USA (not China or India because they are categorized as poor) with the “sustainable consumption” model for our future world based on the United Nations goals.

All that, counted much more than telling the world the truth about the weather/climate/science/biology/agronomy and widespread benefits of CO2 to life.

 

By metmike - Feb. 22, 2020, 7:51 p.m.
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This is settled science and we can accurately measure and display it:

          

              

          Tropical rainforests are among the biggest contributors to the global greening boom.          AAP Image/Dave Hunt        

                          

    

                      Rising carbon dioxide is making the world’s plants more water-wise                  

http://theconversation.com/rising-carbon-dioxide-is-making-the-worlds-plants-more-water-wise-79427


"Land plants are absorbing 17% more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere now than 30 years ago, our research published today shows. Equally extraordinarily, our study also shows that the vegetation is hardly using any extra water to do it, suggesting that global (climate) change is causing the world’s plants to grow in a more water-efficient way. 

Water is the most precious resource needed for plants to grow, and our research suggests that vegetation is becoming much better at using it in a world in which CO₂ levels continue to rise. "

By metmike - Feb. 22, 2020, 8:29 p.m.
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While this picture is a bit misleading with regards to BENEFICIAL levels of CO2(when you get above 1,200 ppm for instance, its no longer beneficial for instance) it does provide some perspective with regards to earths history which much of the time has featured CO2 levels MUCH, MUCH higher than this.


Fact is that this beneficial gas to life was getting all used up by life.........plants and other creatures that contained carbon, died and were buried over millions of years.

There is a lot locked up in the oceans but the amount available in the atmosphere was running out from the processes described above.

UNTIL...........humans discovered fossil fuels............that formed from that dead life that took all the beneficial CO2 out of the atmosphere and was buried for millions of years.

Burning those fossil fuels is releasing that ENTIRELY BENEFICIAL  CO2 back into the atmosphere(where it was previously)  so that it can enrich plants and life again and help our global garden to flourish like it did during previous climate optimums(which this is).

https://notrickszone.com/2013/05/17/atmospheric-co2-concentrations-at-400-ppm-are-still-dangerously-low-for-life-on-earth/

Fuelgauge_2"With atmospheric CO2 concentrations reaching the 400 ppm level, the media and a number of alarmist scientists have set off the mega-alarm bells, claiming “record high levels” of CO2 had been reached, and that the planet is on the verge of an overdose. This is based purely on ignorance of the Earth’s history.

Worrying that 400 ppm is too high is like worrying about your fuel tank overflowing when it reaches the 1/8 mark during filling."


metmike: I disagree with the analogy numbers on the gas tank(think they are a bit misleading). 

The top of the tank should be more like 1,200 ppm because that is about when the benefits would max out. The dial of the current level of 410 ppm if you want to use the gas tank and worries about overflowing should be around the 1/3rd mark.

We will NEVER get close to that and we will NEVER have too much CO2 in the atmosphere for life again. There is no process by which the atmosphere could be loaded with 1,000+ ppm of CO2, even if we burned all the known fossil fuels. 


If the sun suddenly warmed the earth by 25+ degrees, the oceans heating up could out gas massive CO2 levels trapped in the oceans and increase atmospheric CO2 to 2,000+ ppm possibly?

But we would all be roasted before that happened. 

By metmike - Feb. 22, 2020, 8:56 p.m.
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This is also why the equatorial and subtropical oceans(warmer regions) are the main sources of outgassing CO2 into the atmosphere from the oceans. 

At higher latitudes with colder sea surface temperatures, the oceans actually uptake/absorb CO2. 

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016GB005400


From the article:


"The equatorial‐subtropical region generally outgases CO2 to the atmosphere. Thermally driven outgassing"


"In the Northeast Atlantic and high‐latitude Northern Atlantic, the cooling of surface waters and deep water formation mostly drives the CO2 uptake"



By metmike - Feb. 22, 2020, 9 p.m.
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Here are some actual measurements/empirical data that shows this below. 

Note in this first image below, the time of year, June of 2015, shortly before the Summer Solstice in the Northern Hemisphere and the point where the sun is very close to the farthest north that it will be all year and the highest angle in the sky, that warms the oceans the most at a point which is as far north as it will get in the year.....NORTH of the equator.
 
In June 2015, you can see the higher band of CO2 in places with no industry or man made CO2 emissions....NORTH of the equator.......increased outgassing from the sun heated oceans.

https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/o/oco-2

Note the 2nd image below was from October/early November 2014, 5 months later in solar calendar year(the previous year) with the most powerful sun, now aimed much farther south in the southern hemisphere. The band of higher CO2 that extends across the entire globe is now seen to have shifted, exactly with the sun angle(which is heating the oceans below and maximizing out gassing of CO2). The band extends across areas that have no industry or extensive human caused CO2 emissions and the band is now SOUTH or the equator:"

https://www.nasa.gov/jpl/oco2/pia18934

.

OCO2_Auto11

e

                        

        Global atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations from Oct. 1 through Nov. 11      

The point of this is that when a fluid that has CO2 dissolved it warms up, the CO2 comes out faster. The CO2 in your beverage will come out faster when the beverage is warm vs cold.

The oceans have massive amounts of natural CO2 in them. Much more than humans are emitting. In the past, the ocean  temperatures went up first, along with them heating the atmosphere............ THEN the CO2 went up because the warmer oceans out gassed CO2 into the atmosphere.

Some of that is happening now on top of the greenhouse gas warming of the atmosphere from the increase in CO2 from burning fossil fuels.

During El Nino's, which is a warming of the S.Pacific which warms the planet, the atmospheric CO2 goes up a little bit faster then. When the global temperature is flat or cooling a bit temporarily, the rate of increase in CO2 is not quite as fast.

So some of this increasing CO2 is coming from the oceans losing CO2 because they are warmer. This might be a positive feedback or maybe it tells us that this warming of the oceans during the Grand Solar Max last century, added a bunch of heat to the oceans, which outgassed alot more CO2 into the atmosphere that added more to the CO2 emissions from burning fossil fuels.

Regardless, these 2 images show the irrefutable out gassing effect from the stronger sun and warmer oceans below it.


So when the oceans warm, as they have in the last 100 years, they give up more CO2 into the atmosphere. The current atmospheric level of 411 parts per million, would certainly be under 400, if we cooled the oceans back down to the temperature they were at a century ago.

By metmike - Feb. 27, 2020, 12:10 p.m.
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https://twitter.com/NikolovScience/status/1232897679706873856/photo/1



News Release

                

                    Ocean acidification a big problem(no, many studies say the opposite) -- but not for coral reef fish behavior                

                

A comprehensive multi-year project challenges previous findings

                

Norwegian University of Science and Technology

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-01/nuos-oaa010320.php

By metmike - Feb. 27, 2020, 12:11 p.m.
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A behavioral economist explains why Elizabeth Holmes might not have felt bad lying about Theranos

https://www.businessinsider.com/theranos-elizabeth-holmes-the-inventor-hbo-psychology-of-lying-dan-ariely-2019-3

  • Participants in the experiment were more likely to lie on behalf of charity than for their own gain, and their responses on a lie detector suggested they were more comfortable doing so when they felt like they were being altruistic.
  • This suggests that it may be easier for people to be dishonest if they think it's for a good cause, as Holmes is accused of doing.

metmike:  Fake Climate crisis = saving the planet + global socialism =altruistic objective =ends justify the fraudulent schemes/lies!

By metmike - March 8, 2020, 2:02 p.m.
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46 ENLIGHTENING statements by IPCC experts against the IPCC :


https://climatism.blog/2020/03/07/46-statements-by-ipcc-experts-against-the-ipcc/

Sample comments:

  • Dr Aynsley Kellow: “I’m not holding my breath for criticism to be taken on board, which underscores a fault in the whole peer review process for the IPCC: there is no chance of a chapter [of the IPCC report] ever being rejected for publication, no matter how flawed it might be.”
  • Dr Madhav Khandekar: “I have carefully analysed adverse impacts of climate change as projected by the IPCC and have discounted these claims as exaggerated and lacking any supporting evidence.”
  • Dr Hans Labohm: “The alarmist passages in the IPCC Summary for Policymakers have been skewed through an elaborate and sophisticated process of spin-doctoring.”
  • Dr Andrew Lacis: “There is no scientific merit to be found in the Executive Summary. The presentation sounds like something put together by Greenpeace activists and their legal department.”
  • Dr Chris Landsea: “I cannot in good faith continue to contribute to a process that I view as both being motivated by pre-conceived agendas and being scientifically unsound.”
  • Dr Richard Lindzen: “The IPCC process is driven by politics rather than science. It uses summaries to misrepresent what scientists say and exploits public ignorance.”
By metmike - March 8, 2020, 2:24 p.m.
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  • Dr Roger Pielke: “All of my comments were ignored without even a rebuttal. At that point, I concluded that the IPCC Reports were actually intended to be advocacy documents designed to produce particular policy actions, but not a true and honest assessment of the understanding of the climate system.”
  • Dr Paul Reiter: “As far as the science being ‘settled,’ I think that is an obscenity. The fact is the science is being distorted by people who are not scientists.”
  • Dr Murray Salby: “I have an involuntary gag reflex whenever someone says the science is settled. Anyone who thinks the science is settled on this topic is in fantasia.”
  • Dr Tom Segalstad: “The IPCC global warming model is not supported by the scientific data.”
  • Dr Fred Singer: “Isn’t it remarkable that the Policymakers Summary of the IPCC report avoids mentioning the satellite data altogether, or even the existence of satellites — probably because the data show a slight cooling over the last 18 years, in direct contradiction of the calculations from climate models?”
By metmike - March 8, 2020, 2:45 p.m.
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Tony Heller@Tony__Heller·

Climate alarmists say they love Arctic sea ice, but for some reason get very angry when they are shown that it is not disappearing http://ocean.dmi.dk/arctic/icecover.uk.php


themightycow@themightycow1

Replying to 

@Tony__Heller

They hate it when you say "polar bears aren't dying like you climate alarmists were predicting." You would think they would be happy about such things.


                       Sea ice extent in recent years for the northern hemisphere.
                        The grey shaded area corresponds to the climate mean
                        plus/minus 2 standard deviations.
 

metmike: Arctic sea ice bottomed in 2012. It's hasn't recovered but the rapid melting has stopped for almost a decade.  Will it resume?  Probably but why are we still being told that Arctic sea ice is rapidly vanishing and will be gone in XX number of years when that has changed?
By metmike - March 9, 2020, 11:05 p.m.
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PETITION OF THE  CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND GLOBAL CHANGE TO THE UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY FOR REPEAL OF EPA’S 2009 ENDANGERMENT FINDING, 74 FR 66,496 (Dec. 15, 2009)March 9, 202


http://co2science.org/articles/V23/mar/EPAPetitionCO2ScienceMarch2020.pdf


EPA MUST OVERTURN ITS ENDANGERMENT FINDING FOR GREENHOUSE GASES UNDER SECTION 202(A) OF THE CLEAN AIR ACT.ADECADE OF DATA COLLECTEDSINCE THE 2009 ENDANGERMENT FINDING REVEAL RISING ATMOSPHERIC CO2, THE CHIEF GREENHOUSE GAS, PRESENTS NO THREAT TO PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE.


Table of Contents I. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 4II. Scientific observations reveal rising greenhouse gases present no imminent threat to human healthand welfare ................................................................................................................................................... 5A. There is nothing unusual or unnatural about Earth’s current warmth or rate of warming. Historic and modern records of atmospheric CO2 and temperature violate established principles of causation. Model-based temperature projections since 1979 artificially inflate warming (compered to observations) by a factor of three, invalidating the models and all their ancillary claims associated with greenhouse gas-induced warming .................................................................................................... 5B. Observations reveal key adverse effects of greenhouse gas-induced warming are not occurring despite EPA predictions they should be worsening. ............................................................................... 161. How to Properly Test for a CO2-induced Influence on Extreme Weather ...................................... 172. Extreme Weather Observations and Trends ................................................................................... 24(i) Hurricanes ................................................................................................................................... 24(ii) Storms ........................................................................................................................................ 29(iii) Floods ........................................................................................................................................ 34(iv) Drought ..................................................................................................................................... 37(v) Fires ............................................................................................................................................ 403. Temperature-induced Mortality ..................................................................................................... 454. Sea Level Rise .................................................................................................................................. 50III. CO2 emissions and fossil energy use initiated, and continue to sustain, the industrial revolution andthe many human and environmental benefits that have emerged therefrom, which benefits have enhanced human health and welfare ......................................................................................................... 56A. Environmental Benefits ...................................................................................................................... 561. Plant Productivity ............................................................................................................................ 562. Water Use Efficiency ....................................................................................................................... 623. Amelioration of Soil Nutrient Limitations ....................................................................................... 684. Amelioration of Other Environmental Stresses .............................................................................. 75(i) High Soil Salinity .......................................................................................................................... 75(ii) Heat Stress ................................................................................................................................. 78(iii) Inadequate Lighting .................................................................................................................. 82(iv) Oxidative Stress ......................................................................................................................... 86(v) UVB Stress .................................................................................................................................. 90(vi) Pathogen Attack ........................................................................................................................ 92Page | 3 (vii) Heavy Metal Contamination .................................................................................................... 99(viii) Herbivory ............................................................................................................................... 102 5. A Continued Greening of Planet Earth .......................................................................................... 1046. Nutrition ........................................................................................................................................ 115(i) Common Food Plants ................................................................................................................ 117 (ii) Medicinal Plant Properties....................................................................................................... 126 B. Human Benefits ................................................................................................................................ 132 1. GDP................................................................................................................................................ 1322. Literacy .......................................................................................................................................... 1353. Life expectancy .............................................................................................................................. 136IV. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 138Page | 4 I. INTRODUCTION The Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, a non-profit 501(c)(3) organization, incorporated in 1998 in the State of Arizona for the purpose